Concepts of Informing and setting policies

Concepts of Informing and setting policies Introduction The forming and setting of policies is an essential part of every organization and governments. Policies have to be developed to indicate the desired results that should be achieved in a bid to solve the fundamental problems that face organization (Sanderson, I. 2002). The common policies that are made by most states includes the macroeconomic policies, health, traffic congestion and climatic policies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Informing and setting policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the importance of these kinds of policies to the economic growth and developments of the economies, various departments have been created and charged with the obligation of ensuring successful development of policies and their implementation. Tension between informing policy and setting policy In policy development, a distinction must be made between analysis informing policy and analysis sett ing policy. Analysis setting policy is the objectively critisising the policies that are formulated to ensure that they will lead to the achievements of the desired positive objectives. It includes the examination of the process of policy formulation and the impact of policies that are made. Analysis informing policy entails the evaluation of the methods and means by which the policies are publicized to create awareness.the awareness of the policies is indispensible where they are targeted to affect a particular population. The tension informing policy and setting policy may result between the policy formulators and those to be affected by the policies. At times, policies may be resisted at an immature stage if the information is leaked before finer analysis is made. The timing of requesting for the opinions of the stakeholders is therefore crucial. Analytical product Due to the conflict of analyzing informing policies and setting policies, it is important for analytical products to be purely informative. In this instance the products to be developed will have taken consideration of the circumstances and situations that affects the results desired (Wallace, H, 2005). Since informative products involve evaluation of all possible outcomes, the policies adopted will reflect the best possible results. Policy makers are currently switching towards informative analysis. For instance, economists tend to come up with macroeconomic policies based on the information that is derived from the financial markets and research conducted to show the future possible prospects of the economy.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Products developed based on informative analysis tends to produce better outcome because the risk factors of the decisions are mitigated by developing mechanisms that ensures that there is no halt in the plans. Another reason for the support of infor mative product analysis is the fact that it will result into less resistance from those to be affected. Given that decisions are based on the information that is available, the process follows a definite stage by stage analysis thus certainty exists (Easton, D. 1953). The fact that there is supportive and irrefutable evidence as to why the policies are designed; it will be an easy task for the policy makers to convince and get the positive support from the public. This goodwill if realized will ensure smooth and in time implementation of the proposed policies. Again, it will result into popularity of the policies hence support necessary for the achievement of the objective will be enhanced. Hoppe, R. (1999) suggests that, in addition analytical products that are purely informative are precluded from the personal influence and biasness. In circumstances where policies are not based on the information that is available, it has been common for those involved in the decision making to m isuse their authority or come up with ideas that are based on their own selfish interest. As a result, the total purpose of the policies have always eluded many nations e.g. this has been responsible for the poor performance of economies in Africa where those honoured with such duties instead use their position to engage in self enriches and protection of personal wealth. However, it may not be feasible for products to be entirely based on information. This is because there is some information that may not be available but is necessary for the analytical products. As a result there may be a need to accommodate to minor extent analytical products without necessarily possessing all information. Risks of developing policy from analytical products There are several risks that are involved in the formulation of policies based on analytical products. Anglin, M.D., Lonshore,D., Turner,S. (1999) argue,to begin with is the risk of subjectivity in analysis. When doing an analysis of a produc t there is a degree of subjectivity that is relative to each and every individual.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Informing and setting policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This may lead to the problem of adverse selection where policies that are developed are not actually pertinent to the situation desired. It may also result into the dropping of an otherwise good policy. The degree of subjectivity is thus necessary for determination before a product is developed. Secondly, there may be the risk of information gap during analysis. In certain circumstances, product analysis does not encompass all the information in the market. This makes the decisions made not all inclusive and the drawback will as well be transferred when policies are made from analytical products. The information that is omitted might have been very crucial in the making of policies or its absence may result into distortion of th e desired content. Finally, there is a problem in the assigning of weights when doing an analysis. In product analysis, many parameters are taking into consideration and the extent to which each premise contributes to the ultimate decisions must be determined. The determination of the weight might cause a difficulty and this will also amount to variation on what decisions are taken during policy formulation as per Lindblom, C. Cohen, D (1979) argument. It is therefore important for the policy developed to be given consideration to the various aspects. The two analyses are very closely related but not actually having the same meaning. Analysis informing policy concerns the issue of creating awareness on the existing policy or getting the ideologies on policies that may be on the pipeline. On the other hand, the analysis in setting policies entails the critical evaluation of the policies that set or are in the process of setting. In analyzing the policies to be set, several procedure s must be followed to ensure that the set policies meet their objective. Analysis informing policies may thus the said to be part of analysis in setting policies as seeking the opinion of the stakeholders is a procedure in the setting of policies. Conclusion In conclusion, policy includes both the two analysis. Since there is that close interrelationship between the three, they must all be put in close consideration whenever there is need to come up with a policy. Policy forms one of the most important parts of daily decision making of all forms of all organizations irrespective of the size and type.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is thus mandatory for the policy making to be done with due diligence and appropriate and qualified gurus should be involved. The process must also be carried out with the desired sobriety and a wider insights given since the policies are mostly for a reasonable or long period of time and there effects may be great. References Anglin, M.D., Lonshore,D., Turner,S. (1999). Treatment alternatives to street and crime: Criminal justice and behavior. Philadelphia: Temple university press. Easton, D. (1953). The Political System. New York: Oxford university press. Hoppe, R. (1999). Policy analysis, science and politics: from speaking truth to power to making sense together’, Science and Public Policy. California: McGraw-Hill College press. Lindblom, C. Cohen, D (1979). Usable Knowledge: Social Science and Social Problem Solving. New Haven, Yale University Press. Sanderson, I. (2002), Evaluation, Policy Learning and Evidence-Based Policy Making. Public Administration, 80: 1†“22. doi: 10.1111/1467-9299.00292 Wallace, H., Wallace, W., Pollack, M.A. (eds.) (2005) Policy-Making in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Definition and Examples of Preterit(e) Verbs

Definition and Examples of Preterit(e) Verbs In traditional grammar, the preterit(e)  is the simple past tense of the verb, such as walked or said.  In English, the preterit(e) is typically formed by adding the suffix -ed or -t to the base form of a verb. This form is sometimes referred to as the dental preterit(e). The term is usually spelled preterit in American English, preterite in British English. Examples ofPreterit(e) Verbs They  jumped and laughed and  pointed at the solemn guards.(Terry Goodkind, Temple of the Winds, 1997)I removed the crucible from the wire stand and  poured the  silver. Some of the metal ran into the mold, some of it spilled over the outside, and some of it adhered to the crucible.(John Adair,  The Navajo and Pueblo Silversmiths, 1944)We  climbed  the mountain sides, and  clambered  among sagebrush, rocks and snow.(Mark Twain,  Roughing It, 1872)Ben snatched the squash from her, sprinted across the living room, tripped over a toy hed left there and  spilt the  entire contents of the glass over the sofa.(Sarah Morgan,  The Christmas Marriage Rescue, 2015)I ate his liver with some fava beans and a nice chianti.  Ã‚  (Anthony Hopkins as Hannibal Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs, 1991)  During many of the group sessions, the women and I painted, glued, cut, pasted, talked, listened, ate, drank, laughed, cried, and engaged in collaborative processes of ref lection and action.​(Alice McIntyre, Women in Belfast: How Violence Shapes Identity. Praeger Publishers, 2004) Backshifting Tense [Another] use of the preterite shows up in indirect reported speech. Notice the contrast between has and had in this pair. [37i] Kim has blue eyes. [original utterance: present tense][37ii] I told Stacy that Kim had blue eyes. [indirect report: preterite] If I say [i] to Stacy, I can use [ii] as an indirect report to tell you what I said to Stacy. Im repeating the content of what I said to Stacy, but not the exact wording. My utterance to Stacy contained the present tense form has, but my report of it contains preterite had. Nonetheless, my report is entirely accurate. This kind of change in tense is referred to as backshift. The most obvious cases of backshift are with verbs of reporting that are in the preterite, like told or said. (Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Students Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 2006) The Preterite and the Present-Perfect - [W]ith most verbs the difference between the form of the present perfect and the form of the preterite is slight in present-day English, especially in informal speech, which explains why in a long-term perspective the distinction may eventually be lost. . . . Reference to distinct past time without any obvious kind of anchoring has emerged as an area where usage is far from settled in present-day English. The selection of the preterite in such cases appears to be on the increase . . ..(Johan Elsness, The Perfect and the Preterite in Contemporary and Earlier English. Mouton de Gruyter, 1997)- [T]he systematic marking of perfect aspect in LModE [Late Modern English] has partially relieved the simple Preterite of its burden of indicating past time. Since perfectivity implies the completion of an event prior to the actual time of utterance, a Present Perfect form carries an automatic implication of pastness. The actual point of completion in past time may be very close, as in (18), or vaguely more distant, as in (19). (18) Ive just eaten my dinner.(19) John Keegan has written a history of war. . . . [T]he growing acceptability of the vague degree of pastness in sentences such as (19) indicates that LModE may be starting on the road that led the Perfect to replace the Simple Past in a number of Romance languages. (Jacek Fisiak, Language History and Linguistic Modelling. Mouton de Gruyter, 1997) EtymologyFrom the Latin, to go by Pronunciation: PRET-er-it Also Known As: simple-past tense Alternate Spellings: preterite